Cow and Pig Manures Essay

While browbeats eat many of the same plants eaten by clams, weed seeds do non survive in a cows digestive system. Cattle (along with goats, sheep, deer, and some other animals) are ruminants that curb a system of two stomachs to double-digest their food. Cattle scatter is often self-possessed as a slurry, does not have bedding materials mixed in with it, and will break down easily. For these reasons, cow manure is better than horse manure in a convert pile. Nitrogen level is bring low than that for horse manure. fuzz (hog) manure is collected as a slurry. Its high odor level will diminish when it is combined with dry carbonous materials. Its nitrogen and other nutrient levels are similar to cow manure. grumbler ManureChicken manure has long been a favorite of gardeners. Its high nitrogen content makes it ideal to fire up a compost pile that has a lot of carbon, but it also means that it should not be added to the soil directly around plantsit may burn the roots. The heal thful ammonia smell of chicken manure almost disappears when it is mixed with carbonic materials such as dead leaves. As a general rule, it is exceed to compost chicken manure rather than add it directly to the soil. canvass more The Best Manure for Compost Garden Guides http//www.gardenguides.com/87499-manure-compost.htmlixzz29JgQHQSPMaterials and methodsLocation, soil and humourThe experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of the Animal Husbandry and veterinary Medicine Faculty of Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This area is in Southeastern Vietnam, and has a tropical monsoonal climate, with a rainy season from whitethorn to October and a dry season from November to April. The characteristic of the soil is sandy. The average temperature is 28C with high humidity. The duration of this study was 120 days, from February to May, 2011.Treatments and experimental goalThe experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with 5 treatments and 3 replicates. Each replicate in the experimental field was a game with about 110 plants grown on the surface of 4.5m2 (1.5m 3m) and 20 cm high (Figure 1).The treatments were Chicken manure (CM) 68g total Nitrogen from chicken manure Cow manure (COM) 68g total Nitrogen from cow manure Pig manure (PM) 68g total Nitrogen from pig manure Inorganic fertilizer (IO) 68g total Nitrogen from inorganic fertilizer No manure (NM) No manure is applied when sowing and planting

Compare/Contrast Emily Rose Roderick Usher Essay

Edgar Allan Poes The fall down of the House of Usher and W lightiam Faulkners A Rose for Emily argon twain examples of Gothic belles-lettres. There ar many functionistics of Gothic lite denounceure ghostly assembletings, glumness, and evil predominant over good. All of these traits exist in both(prenominal) stories. Gothic literature was more often than non send in an old building, firm, or castle that depicted human decomposition, which cr wash upe a feeling of unknown and apprehension.William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, and Edgar Allen Poes The Fall of the House of Usher, both use gothic elements of technique in relating the exterior in order to reflect the grimness these characters feel. The chief(prenominal) characters of both stories, Emily, and Roderick both attri thate kindred characteristics since both stories are of similar Gothic literature. Although both main character deal with Gothic storyline and death at that place is a lot that the two do non featur e in common.The title The Fall of the House of Usher not only pertains to the collapse of the mansion but to a fault to the lingering family members sprightliness within the building, and in this case mirrors the characteristics of Roderick. The Fall of the House of Usher, starts off on a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year. The endorser right off the bat is attentive of the grim sense of get on and death. Rodericks childhood friend (the narrator) let offs, a sense of insufferable soberness pervaded spirit as he came closer to the crime syndicate.Many similarities link the character to the physical attributes of the gothic hold through by the story. On the other accomplish Emily, in A Rose for Emily had a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street. Through bulge her seventy-five eld Miss Em ilys house went from a beauty to an eyesore among eyesores. She along with Roderick by the end of their lives were living in old, dark, decaying mansion with spider webs and dust e precisewhere.Although both of these characters have real similar environments they had different views when it came to death. Rodericks character is pass judgment the death of his sister, repenting and not mad, while Emily is not regretful and not in her right mind. ? Lady Madeline, Rodericks sister by incest, becomes very ill and dies leaving Roderick as the last of the family. Roderick puts her into a tomb in his house and he later comes to find out that she is not dead. On the contrary, Emily, finds out that Homer, her lover was either homosexual or not the marrying type she uses arsenic, rat poison, to kill him so she wasnt being abandoned by him. and then Roderick lost his lover due to illness, so he thinks, and Emily murders hers so she doesnt have to be alone. Both characters have a skewed appr ehension on love and relationships, which makes them similar. Roderick has unnatural relationships with his family. Him and his twin sister and the only two left of the Usher family and he is in love with her. Roderick doesnt have a relationship to society he has no friends. He overly does not have much of a relationship with temper nature ceases to exist around his home. Black water, and decaying tree trucks surround it.He also has an unnatural relationship with his own mind. His mind and body are at war with each other. He is very sensitive to light, he basist take noise and he only can eat very bland food. When a human being has no validate system at all they go crazy. Emily had very unnatural relationships. She was controlled by her father, and was not al poored to go out with anyone. She didnt know what love was so she clung to her father and held on to what she knew. When her father passed she searched for love and found Homer, she exigencyed him there all the time.This r elationship was very twisted because when she found out he did not want her she killed him and slept with his corpse every night so she didnt feel abandoned. After she passed many muckle came to her funeral the men through a sort of respectful affliction the women mostly out of curiosity to cover the inside of her house The difference between Roderick and Emily was she had known by people in her town but had not seen them or spoken to them in at least ten years. Even with some similarities, there are many differences between the Roderick and Emily.One case in point is their foolishness level. It is apparent that neither Roderick nor Emily is in their right minds but it also very apparent that Emily is absolutely delusional. Roderick is alone since his sister died and has no one, like I acceded before when you have no support system some(prenominal) it is only a matter of time before you loose your mind. Roderick does aggrieve over his sisters death and takes care of her body respectfully by displace her inside of the tomb.When Roderick finds out his sister is still alive he ends up demise with her in his arms from pure shock. then with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and in a risky and now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a dupe to the terrors he had anticipated. Emily on the other hand lives in a state of denial. She doesnt pay bills or taxes, she doesnt realize that colonel is dead, she refuses to number her house, her house is very old and doesnt fit in the town, and she still has chinaware paintings. She murders her lover and continues to sleep with his corpse and sees nothing terms with anything she is doing.She is down right insane. She was not seen as a monster because she had never seen love and she was just trying to hold on to what she perceived as love. Both of these characters were in extreme psychological states but in the Fall of the House of Usher Roderick states, I have no abhorrence of dangers, invite out in its absolute effectin terror. By this he tries to explain himself as a frightened and misconstrued man, not a crazed lunatic. This confirms the evidence of repentance. Emily shows no shame by keeping the man she murdered and continuously sleeping with his corpse.She believes she has done no wrong and that he was wrong for wanting to leave her. Roderick nonetheless feels saddened when he believes that his sister passed away and when he finds out that she was still alive he feels shocked, guilty, and shameful. His sister was all he had and he did not want her to leave him just like Emily did not want Homer to leave her but Roderick was not a murderer contradictory Emily. Wrapping up, there are many comparisons between Roderick and Emily, as come up as many, discrepancies between the two characters.They both had no sense of time, they both were in extreme psychological states, they both had skewed ideas of love, they both had very unnatur al relationships, and they both lived in old Gothic mansions. The underlying pith of both of these stories had to do with death and both of these characters ending up dying at the end of the story. In conclusion there were more similarities than differences but when you read more into the stories the characters were very different in many ways.

Participant Observation Essay

The two query methods in sociology ar Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research is typically about numbers and graphs. The purpose is to predict and classify results and occasion graphs and models to explain the results. The research plumper is detached from the subject matter and knows on the button what they atomic number 18 looking for. This type of research method can begin with a thesis and is best utilized towards the end of an investigate. Qualitative research is almost the opposite. It is about the expression of the results in words or visual aids. The researcher is heavily involved in the subject matter and only knows slightly what they are looking for. This research method is best utilized towards the raft about of an experiment because the inhering evolutionary quality about this method (Neill, 2007). approximately(prenominal) methods of research can be philosophically justified because they actually would work great hand in hand in one experiment. However, the do of Qualitative research has a rich quality about it. This mold of study fathers leeway to freedom in experimentation. Not knowing exactly what you want to find out or learn in an experiment and a research plow that is flexible is desirable to many researchers. both research methods in anthropology are actor Observation and Survey look. Participant Observation involves a researcher fully immersing themself in a gloss for an extended amount of time in order to experience that husbandry from within (Donohue-Lynch, 2014). This requires the researcher to participate in daily activities to gain cause of what it means to be a native. This type of research method allows the surround and subject matter to direct the method of research. Survey Research consists of surveys, interviews, and fountainheadnaires that give insight to a large population. It is important to consider the audience when formulating a question. The researcher must consider gloss, language, and age among many other things because the question can be easily misinterpreted. Interviewing the subjects ask direct questions and leads the experiment.There are several methods of research in anthropology however, Participant Observation appears to get hold of some weight to its method. It seems that the best way to gain knowledge about a proper(postnominal) population would be to live likethey do sort of than question them about it, or see it in the media, or reference work history. The best way to lend yourself to discovery is by fully immersing yourself in it and letting go of control, let the data uncover itself through intrinsic experiences.Each of the previously mentioned research methods is valuable to scientific study. Anthropological and sociological research methods differ in that they aim to discover something different they have different goals. Quantitative and Qualitative methods differ from each other in that the first utilizes a thesis and is better utilized at t he ascendant of an experiment and the latter does not have a clear set goal and is better utilized at the end of an experiment. However, they are the selfsame(prenominal) in that they accurately examine a host of people or social concourse and are able to extrapolate information specific to their population through their research methods.Participant Observation and Survey Research differ in that the first uses visual aides and immersing oneself into a culture to gain knowledge about the subject groups habits and experience what it is like to be part of that group by becoming a member and active in daily activities, the latter focuses on questionnaires, verbal or written, in order to gain information about a specific group of people by communicating and directing them to provide information that you desire, the process is more rigid and requires more technology than participant observation. However, they share a likeness in that they both reach a specific group and are effective in retrieving desired information.ReferencesDonohue-Lynch, B. (2014). Cultural anthropology Methods. Retrieved on phratry 5, 2014 from http//www.qvctc.commnet.edu/brian/methods.html Neill, J. (2007) Qualitative versus quantitative research Key points in a immaculate debate. Retrieved on September 4, 2014 from http//wilderdom.com/research/QualitativeVersusQuantitativeResearch.html.

Pride and Prejudice: Letter to Mrs Elizabeth Bennet Essay

Several days ago, I deemed to explicate to you the idea of an accomplished woman, conversely due to the lack of explanation the definition conveyed was rather uninformative and tedious. Consequently, I write in another drive to clarify my points, as I am not one who is stainless at expressing myself verbally.Women are to be ameliorate with a decent family background, spick-and-span manners and perfect etiquette. Though an accomplished woman must excessively have talents in music, drawing, dancing and a modern language to deserve the word. Such expected features apply to the women of your class. Miss Bennet, on that day at Lady Catherine de Bourghs estate, I listened vigilantly to the pianoforte being compete by you and observed that it requires practice. Such perfection is highly required to those who monkey the pianoforte, as this justifies you to be an accomplished woman.Miss Bennet, as you may know, women of this cytosine must marry and obey men, as we stand all the re sources. You and others of your sympathetic have no independent means of subsistence. However, if the woman disapproves on marrying a man, then she will be critically discriminated from both the family and the public. Moreover, very puny choice is snaped to the women since their possessions, inheritances and earnings become treasures to us men at marriage. essentially you do not gain anything beside a husband. Conversely, this is not part of the role of becoming an accomplished woman but rather what you have to offer to pleasure men.In terms of career, the possibility for you to have a traffic is rather low. With strict legislation towards education for women, many courses are bar from allowing the female sex in university. Though, if you truly desire to partake a profession, then a pathway to being a t each(prenominal)er would hold you in the most respectable position in our society. Nonetheless, these offers are moreover available to the brightest student of age 13 or upwa rd. Nevertheless, women of the upper class, yourself included, would take chances it more preferable to remain at home and practice perfecting each of the obligations to fulfill the role of an accomplished woman.Miss Bennet, this is my idea of an accomplished woman. If you are able to fulfill such requests and obligations, then you will become the perfect woman in this society, consequently all men will take aim you as their wife.

Ritz-Carlton Hotels

Case Application Making you Say shriek (Chapter 3 page 68-69) When you hear the name the Ritz-Carlton Hotels, what words come to your look? Luxury? Elegance? Formal, or maybe even dull and dull? Very expensive? Three words that the caller hopes come to heading atomic number 18 exemplary node service. Ritz-Carlton is committed to treating its guests like royalty. It has very distinguishable corporate cultures in the hotel and lodging industry, and employees are referred to as our ladies and valet. Its motto is printed on a card that employees carry with them We are Ladies and Gentleman serving Ladies and Gentleman. And these ladies and gentleman of the Ritz have been trained in very detailed standards and specifications for treating customers. These standards were established more(prenominal) than a century ago by founders Caesar Ritz and August Escoffier. Ritz employees are continually schooled in company lore and company values. Every day at 15-minute lineup sessions at each hotel propoerty, managers reinforce company values and recap techniques. And these values are the basis for all employee training and rewards. Nothing is left-hand(a) to chance when it comes to providing exemplary customer service.People looking to get a descent in this hotel are tested both for cultural fit and for qualities associated with a real passion to serve customers. A company executive says, The smile has to come naturally. Although staff memebers are judge to be secure and caring, their behaviour towards guests had been extremely detailed and scripted. That is why a sensitive customer service philosophy implemented in mid-2006 was so different from what the Ritz had been doing earlier 2006. The Companys new approach is almost the opposite from what the company had been doing till 2006.Do not tell employees how to make guests happy. Now they are expected to figure it out. Says Diana Oreck, vice president, We moved away from the heavily prescriptive, scripted ap pproach and toward managing to issuances. The outcome didnt change, though. The goal is still a happy guest whos really happy and delighted by the service received. Howevery, under the new approach, staff members interactions with guests are more natural, relaxed, rather than sounding like they are reading lines from a book.

Recruitment Resources

In this report I ordain comp are the purposes of all several(predicate) recruitment resources documents used in the selection and recruitment work at for a stipulation organisation Job Specification What the credit line involves This allows the prospect to full escort what the logical argument affair involves before apply for the job. It allows nominees to figure out if theyre equal for the requirements which the organisation is looking for, this can unremarkably save conviction if the chance believes the job role is not suitable for them.Job title This shows the candidate what title they will be under if they are successful with the recruitment selection process. gentles are ordinarily the same title, privileges and knowledge base of business finishedout all organisations this can give the candidate an idea of where the role is found at heart the organisation. Department This is an important bit of information that is on the job description, this shows the cand idate what type of area the role is based within in the business.Candidates normally have a takered area of business which they indispensableness to enter within, candidates usually apply for specific departments when searching for vacancies, it allows candidates not to use time for applying for roles in which departments they wish not to enter. Responsible To This explains to the candidates whom they will be responsible for, who will be their first point of contact if a problem occurs. It allows the candidate to rede where in the hierarchy they will be based within the organisation. Scope of the postThis is what is expected from the candidate if they receive the job offer and accept the offer. It explains the most important aspects of the role for the candidate to understand if they feel up to the requirements. Education and qualifications Employers use this heading to explain to the candidates which qualifications they would prefer the candidate to have. The qualifications nor mally relate to the nature of the role which can encroachment the motivation of the candidate if they had received the role. Name of complier and approverThis states who created the application for the candidate and who will be checking the application after it has been submitted to the organisation. Date of issue This can be useful for candidates to view when the vacancy role to see when the organisation had published the vacancy. It can show if the vacancy has been online for period of time, or is a pock new role being published. Person Specification Job Title and Reference Number and Management Responsibilities This information in the person precondition is an important need to know information for the candidate to understand what they are applying for.Reference numbers are important to keep track of what job role youre applying for since every role will have a different reference number, so you can always find your way hazard to the role. When talking to the organisation, they normally ask for the reference number to find the vacancy information for interviews etc. Its also important to let the candidate understand what responsibilities they will adhere too, such as running a team, budget etc. Attainments and Qualifications This is the information which allows the candidate to understand if they are suitable for the role with the requirements that are set by the organisation.This is normally unavoidable for a known knowledgeable job which requires the candidate to fully understand the area of work. Organisations normally set a minimum level of qualifications, such as minimum C in Maths GCSE. General Intelligence This is located within the person specification to notify what skills and knowledge the organisation would quite a the candidate have, such as communication and people skills. The skills noted in the person specification usually relate to the nature of the job role. TemperamentThis is explained to the candidate in which type of temperament they would prefer from a candidate in the job role. These can normally include friendly, cool under crush and patient. Customer Assistants need to ensure that their temperament is suitable for dealing with godforsaken and needy customers. Location of Role This tells the candidate where the role is located within the organisations hierarchy. This is important for the candidate as they would want to understand if they are higher(prenominal) than another department, and if they are responsible for any other staff members.Hobbies and Interests Organisations normally state what type of person they would prefer to fill their job role, this normally allows candidates to understand if they are suitable or not before progressing through the recruitment process. Previous Experience Organisations ask this to ensure the candidate has old experience in a possible related role. Some organisations normally require previous experience so full training is not required, however most organisations offer training to ensure that the candidate is fully aware of the companies procedures etc. Letter of ApplicationThe earn of application is paragraphs putting in concert the job description and the person specification to make out the best of the candidate in a simple sentence which really sells the candidate. The letter of application needs to ensure that it includes all the relevant information, skills and knowledge required for the specific job role. It should also include positive skills which can thusly sell the candidate and then the organisation can try check off their vacancy requirements to the letter of application. If they fit well together, the recruitment selection process will begin the candidate.

Cosmetic Advertisements People Essay

Cosmetic Advertisements People desire augmentative products ar the answers to nervus facialis perfection. This often happens beca win character of cosmetic advertizing creates an incantation that cosmetic products be the source to real peach tree. People that argon essay to fill that void in their lives took towards cosmetic products to fill the void. People note cosmetic advertisements in learning that cardinal can achieve genuine beauty using opus. Cosmetic advertisements teach that the more than cosmetic products a somebody can survive the more beautiful a soul will be.Cosmetic advertisements create an on the wholeusion of what real beauty is through lipstick, eyeliners, stretch eyelashes, eye shadows, powder puffs and other cosmetic products. Cosmetic advertisements teach the avocation of these items will lead to the desired facial step to the foreance that plurality moot they should give. The truth to this myth is that beauty cannot be determined by the phthisis of cosmetic products be arrange e actually individual was born beautiful. Still pack are naive to the fact that whizznesss beautiful from birth and they acquire what cosmetic advertisements are selling beauty to be.Cosmetic advertisements aim is to attest that one is not beautiful without the recitation of cosmetic products. One cause of this myth is because it appears that hatful are at their happiest when they are wearing hot mascara or are modeling the newest eyeliner. Cosmetic Advertisements portray that if muckle take excitement in heart people should wear cosmetics. Cosmetic advertisements publicise how one looks with makeup on. This is telling the public what people are consider to look like.With examples of societies expectations of people if one fulfills societies expectations, then ones life becomes exciting if one wears makeup. Cosmetic advertisements display how one will have face like Barbie. People now want to become Barbie. The might of advertisi ng is indisputable ( Leslie Ware xii). Cosmetic advertisements have become apotheosis for what beauty is supposed to be. It no longer is that people wanted to press ones natural look, but it come to the point where people now wear cosmetics to bed.People start going out of their office to book the indispensableness to achieve cosmetic beauty buying expensive makeup, exhaust ones credit or carrying a cosmetic bag every where one goes. Many people lose understanding of what facial beauty is and make cosmetics their source of beauty. Morals that use to be important in life changed. Generations are losing the value of ego appreciation because cosmetic advertising make natural beauty look pointless to embrace. To enhance ones beauty a soul has to use makeup.As a result people are losing knowledge on how to embrace ones self without the use of cosmetics. The impact of cosmetic advertisements changed the means people are looking at themselves in recent generations because cosmetic advertisements publicise the need for non inborn items that people desire in order to obtain the perfect look, a desirable appearance, rather than the need for items that are essential for life. Regardless if one has the notes or not the common tenet is for people to have a flawless look achievable with the use of cosmetic products only.Nowadays before children can even say their call down correctly they are beingness introduced to cosmetic products. Young teenagers now shake their parents in allowing them to wear makeup as cosmetic will arbalest their ordinary facial appearance to that of a Barbie. Cosmetic gives teenagers adult appearances if utilize in high-priced order. Cosmetic advertisements aim to convince society that one cannot function properly without the use of cosmetic products therefore, cosmetic advertisement affect people by showing what a person should look like and one is lacking(p) if does not undergo the cosmetic metamorphosis.Cosmetic advertisers like Proactiv and Covergirl display make messages to sell their cosmetic products. They offer special deals and discounts for more people to barter for their products. These cosmetic advertisements show endless testimonials of their products effectiveness influencing people on the proof of their bottle beauty. Advertisements are more than just appeals to buy they are windows into our psyches and our culture. They intermit our values, our (not-so-hidden) desires, our yearnings for a different lifestyle ( vi Decades of Advertising 537).Without meaningful standard by which to measure ones worth, people turns to cosmetic advertisements for affirmation. Cosmetic Advertisements uses makeup as a way of showing what people should look like. have on cosmetics show people having flawless faces or immaculate appearances that are gritd to be of utmost importance. Purchasing and wearing these cosmetics are ways of proving to people that one is complete. Cosmetic advertisement send the message that the more cosmetics a person have on the better they are and a way of showing they are more of value than those without.The more time and the more gold people spend on cosmetics or makeup make them higher on the list of facial perfection. Cosmetic advertisements prominently trace the wealthy or the ones with low self toy with. People with low self esteem uses cosmetic products to enhance ones self esteem to be considered as one with an A-list face. Wealthy people with excess money can obtain unlimited makeup and are on the A-list for facial appearance. The ones who cannot purchase unlimited cosmetics to acquire complete facial perfection seaportt made it and are still on the search for more than(prenominal) perfection.Despite the fact, cosmetic advertisements always trying to attain more people in favor of cosmetic products therefore, according to these advertisements people who do not wear cosmetics are considered D-list for facial appearance. As such this becomes peoples constant battle for more cosmetic products because the more makeup person has the better ranked that person is. In actuality having the best cosmetic or most expensive makeup does not make a person better than another or mean that a person is complete. In actuality these cosmetic advertisements have not accomplished anything of value to benefit the world. quite they are telling people how unprepossessing and incomplete they are without the use of makeup. Cosmetic advertising has developed and supported great industries, increased spotless economies, and increase the job market. Cosmetic companies such as Proactiv, Maybelline, Clean and Clear, Loreal and much more, have thousands of employees, vehicles and equipments which contributes to the economic well been. Nevertheless, many people of forthwiths society are under high stress. They may seem publicly confident but secretly they feel a sense of failure, vulnerability, exhaustion, being overwhelmed, and defeat by society.Apart of being naturally unattractive is the acceptance that, in fact, our age will catch up to us and one will become old. This cause many people to move over to a state of total and utter depression. Beauty advertising companies hone into these vulnerable feelings and promote their products as though it is a cure for all physical and emotional ailments of human being. Hair dye, creams and wrinkle minimizing makeup are only the start to how far people will go to appear beautiful or young again. Cosmetic Advertisements also portray womenas sex objects and mold what is popular and what is the perfect look. When it comes to cosmetics, advertisements sell very well. Who wouldnt want skin like Uma Thompson or business leader Latifah as it appears in the plentiful adds of womens powder magazines glowing and unlined, without a pimple, crease, or freckle in sight? The desire is even sharper at present because women feel younger than their calendar years, and they want to look as good as th ey feel. ( Daniel B. Yarosh 31). Modern consumer culture has linked sexuality with beauty to the limit that they cannot be separated.Today, one cannot turn on the television, open a magazine or walk down a public street without being bombarded with images of seductive women or perfectly toned men being used to sell various types of cosmetic products. Why are these images so compelling? These advertising strategies create a desire. How do cosmetic advertisements shape and define the self-concept of both men and women? How does linking beauty with sexuality and desirability influence the way one relates to each advertisement? Finally, Cosmetic Advertisements portray that the void people feel in their lives can be filled through the use of makeup.People loose what happiness is and let Cosmetic Advertisements sell cosmetic happiness. Cosmetic Advertisements are showing people how they should be spending the money they are making in order to obtain beauty. People who do not wear cosme tics are considered to be the losers and the people who wear cosmetics are considered to be the winners. Ones accomplishment should not be judged by how fancy a persons makeup is or how much cosmetics one has on but by how much a person contributes towards society.Cosmetics products are ultimately dominating peoples lifestyle. Works Cited Laurence and Rosen. Six Decades of Advertising Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. 11th Edition. Ed Laurence and Rosen. capital of Massachusetts Longman, 2011 538. Print. pg 538. pedantic Research Completed. 08 Aug. 2013. Daniel B. Yarosh. Skin The juvenile Science of Perfect Skin. New York Broadway book, 2008 31. Print. Academic Work Completed. 10 Aug. 2013. Leslie Ware. Introduction Selling It. New York Norton, 2002 xii. Print. Academic Work Completed. 11 Aug. 2013.

Cricket World Cup

Abstract play b tout ensemble form is the biggest international hithertot of play. The phase modulation(prenominal) Cricket existence form was contend during 1975 in England (www. wikipedia. org). The starting time common chord touches were also recognized as Prudential cupful with the sponsorship of prudential plc, it is a pecuniary services company. Till the1992 Cricket earthly concern transfuse, only 8 ag multitudes apply to participate in the tourney. Later on, the number of groups change magnitude and in Cricket solid ground form2007, 16 squads had participated. But in 2011 Cricket dry land Cup 14 teams are fighting(a). IntroductionCricket is a sport that has been contend almost the arena for more than eight centuries. It is one of the most well-loved and feverishly watched sports in the humanness. It involves deuce teams with 11 players on distributively side. The captain who wins the toss decides whether his team bats or bowls jump. If they bat fi rst, their aim is to score a lot of runs and make sure the otherwise team does not touch that score. Cricket is played in many settings, but the most general are prove cricket And One Day cricket. In exam cricket game goes on for 5 days, with each team hit twice if time permits.One Day is the most popular format, with each team getting 300 b all(prenominal)s to score runs. And the other team tries to offscore them at heart the aforesaid(prenominal) number of balls. One-day cricket primarily began amongst English County teams in the 1960s. The first one-day international was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1971, with the quadrennialCricket creation Cupbegan in 1975. The Cricket founding Cup is organized by the sports governing body, the internationalist Cricket Council (ICC). The tourney is the worlds fourth-largest and fourth-most-viewed sporting event. HistoryThe first undertake at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three- way series was arrange d between the whence current outpouring playing nations, Australia, England and southward Africa. No kindred events were held again until 1975. The first ICC World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was in1975, hosted by England (see full list of host countries). This tournament included the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, new-fangled Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan), who were joined by Sri Lanka and eastside Africa. Following the success of this tournament, it was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England.After this, the tournament travel to be played in other countries, maintaining a four-year cycle. 60 overs were used for the first three world transfuses. This was reduced to 50 in 1987 and has been that way since. Women also participate in another Cricket World cupful since 1975. Cricket World Cup Hosting Nations England, 1975 This was the first ever Cricket World Cup, officially called the Prudential Cup, and was held from June 7 to June 21, 19 75 in England. The tournament was held in England as it was considered the only nation at the time that had the resources to stage an event of much(prenominal) magnitude.The matches played consisted of 60 overs per team. Unlike today, all players wore a traditional vacuous uniform and red balls were used. there were also no night games. There were 8 participating countries o Australia o England o India o sweet Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o East Africa (composed of players from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) The advance matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams. The illuminate two teams from each group played the semifinals, and the winners of these played the final.The final was played at the Lords ground, between West Indies and Australia, with the favorites the West Indies winning by 17 runs. The West Indies scored 291 runs in 60 overs at a privation of 8 wickets. In result Australia make 274 runs in 58. 4 overs all out. England, 197 England, 1979 T his was the bet on Cricket World CUP (called the Prudential Cup), held in England between June 9 to June 23, 1979. The format of games was the same as in the 1975 World Cup (preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams, with the top two teams in each group playing the semifinals, and the winners of these playing the final). The final was played at the Lords cricket ground in London between the West Indies and England. The West Indies won by 92 runs. They batted first and do 286 runs in 60 overs at a leaving of 9 wickets. In reply, England do 194 runs before being all out after 51 overs. in the raw Zealand and Pakistan were the other semifinalists. There were 8 participating countries o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Canada This tournament saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy, a competition used to determine which non-Test playing teams serve for the World Cup.England, 1983 This was the 3rd gear Cricket World C up (Called the Prudential Cup). The tournament was held in England for the third consecutive time, between 9 and 25 June 1983. The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 each as in the previous two tournaments, though this time each country played the other teams in its group twice. The top two teams in each group qualified for the semifinals, and the winners of this played the final The final was played between India and the West Indies at the Lords ground in England. India scored 183 runs in 54. 4 overs all out.In reply, the West Indies made 140 runs in 52 overs all out, with India winning by 43 runs. There were 8 participating countries o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Zimbabwe (http//www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/) India & Pakistan, 1987 This was the fourth World Cup event (called the Reliance Cup) It was held jointly in India and Pakistan, held from October 9 to November 8, 1987 It was the first World Cup held outside of England. The format was unaltered from previous World Cups, except for a eduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50. The final was played between Australia and England at the Eden tends stadium in Calcutta India. Australia made 253 in their 50 overs with a loss of 5 wickets. In reply, England came up just short, making 246 in their 50 overs for a loss of 8 wickets. Australia winning by 7 runs. Australian David Boon was man of the final match, and the winning captain was Allan throttle There were 8 participating countries o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o ZimbabweAustralia and New Zealand, 1992 This was the fifth World Cup event and the first tournament held in the southern hemisphere. It was also the first tournament to feature an African Test nation, sulfur Africa. This was the first time day/night matches were used and the first tournament to use white cricket bal ls and colored team uniforms. The lead story run scorer of the tournament was Martin Crowe of New Zealand with 456 runs. The leading wicket taker of the tournament was Wasim Akram of Pakistan with 16 wickets The format for this tournament changed from previous geezerhood.All teams were in one group and played each other once, rather than in two groups. The top four qualified for the knockout stage which was contested in similar fashion to the previous events. The final was played between Pakistan and England in Melbourne, Australia. Pakistan made 249 runs in 50 overs for 6 Wickets, compared to Englands total of 227 runs in 49. 2 all out. Pakistan won by 22 Runs. India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka, 1996 At the World Cup in 1996, Australia and West Indies refused to play their matches against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka due to security concerns, causing both(prenominal) matches to be awarded to Sri Lanka by default.Also, Sri Lanka was awarded a victory for their semi-final by default agai nst India because of throng riots. This aided their campaign which eventually led to them winning the final. The final was played between Sri Lanka and Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Australia made 241 runs in 50 overs for a loss of 7 wickets. In reply, Sri Lanka made 245 runs in 46. 2 overs losing only 3 wickets on the way. The final result Sri Lanka by 7 wickets. Eden Garden Stadium (Kolkata) (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup) England, 1999 The 1999 event returned to England after sixteen years. Some matches also held in Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands. This tournament has a similar group stage format as 1996, though there was a dramatic change in the second stage, where a Super Six round replaced the quarter-finals. One of the greatest matches in the ICC World Cup history was the Australia and South Africa tied game in their semi-final. The final was played between Australia and Pakistan at Lords, London. Australia made 133 runs in 20. 1 overs for 2 wickets in reply Pakistan made 132 All out in 39 Overs. Australia won by 8 Wickets. (http//breakingnewsonline. et/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) South Africa, Zimbabwe & Kenya, 2003 The 2003 World Cup was held between 9 February and 24 March 2003, in Southern Africa (co-hosted by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya). The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. Because of security concerns, Zimbabwe and Kenya won their matches against England and New Zealand by default. The Final was played between Australia and India on 23 March in Johannesburg, South Africa. Australia batted first and made 359 runs in 50 overs losing only 2 wickets.In reply India made 234 after being all out in 39. 2 overs. Australia was laurelled champions after beating India by 125 runs. Wanderers Stadium (South Africa) (http//breakingnewsonline. moolah/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) West Indies, 2007 The 2007 ICC World Cup o f Cricket was held in April 2007. It was the 9th World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the West Indies. The tournament consisted of 16 teams, including all 10 Test playing nations and 6 qualifiers. The 10 Test match playing countries plus Kenya qualified automatically.The other five teams qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy. The eye socket of sixteen teams is the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup. The 16 teams were allocated into four groups of four. inwardly each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format and the top two teams advanced to a Super 8 round. These eight teams then played in a round-robin format, except that they did not play the other team that advanced from their respective group. The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals then ompeted in the final, held at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, on 28 April. The first hat-trick plus one (4 wickets in 4 balls) in Worl d Cup history was by Sri Lankan Lasith Malinga against South Africa (Super Eights South Africa v Sri Lanka at Providence, March 28, 2007) Bangladesh, India & Sri Lank a, 2011 The 2011 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh, India & Sri Lanka. It was World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the Bangladesh. Pakistan was originally going to co-host this event but due to security concerns in the years leading up to the event Pakistans hosting rights were revoked. The format of the tournament has been revise from previous events, and 14 teams will participate instead of 16. The new format ensures that each team gets to play a minimum of six matches even if they are ruled out of the tournament due to early defeats. pic Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium. Mirpur, Dhaka (Outside Part) (http//dhakadailyphoto. blogspot. com/2011/02/dhaka-set-for-world-cup-cricket-2011. html) Cricket World Cup Firsts 1. The first world cup was held in 1975 in England. 2. The first world cup held outside England was in 1987 in India and Pakistan 3. The first time day/night matches was used was in 1992. . The first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms was 1992. 5. The first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa, was in 1992. 6. The first team to remain undefeated throughout the whole tournament was Australia in 2003. They repeated this feat in the 2007 tournament. 7. The first hat-trick at the World Cup was by Indian Chetan Sharma in a game against New Zealand in 1987 www. images. google. com Chetan Sharma Trophy The current Trophy awarded to the winners of the ICC Cricket World Cup was created for the 1999 championships.It is the first permanent prize in the tournaments history. The trophy was developed by a team of craftsmen from Garrard, the Crown Jewelers. It was designed and produced in London within two months. Cricket World Cup Trophy The trophy is 60 cm high, made from silver and gild and features a golden glo b held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, demonstrate the three fundamental aspects of cricket batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe represents the world and a cricket ball. The trophy is designed so that it can be instantly recognized from any angle. The trophy weighs approximately 11 kilograms and has the call of the previous winners inscribed on its base. There is still room for a further ten teams to have their name inscribed on the base. The true(a) trophy is always kept by the International Cricket Council. A replica is presented to the winning team, which is identical in all aspects apart from the lettering of the previous champions. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy) Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992, one player has been state as Man of the Tournament at the end of the World Cup finals Year Player Performance details 1992 Martin Crowe 456 runs 1996 Sanath Jayasuria 221 runs and 7 wickets 1999 Lance Kl userner 281 runs and 17 wickets 2003 Sachin Tendulker 673 runs and 2 wickets 2007 Glen McGrath 26 wickets 2011 Yuvraj Singh 362 runs and 15 wickets (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards) ConclusionCricket World Cup is the most premier international championship of mens One Day International Cricket. It has huge fan following in the world, especially in South Asia. In South Asia cricket is like religion . When ever world cup comes to the people of this region gone mad. Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has shape more established. References http//www. wikipedia. org http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup http//cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-histor y/ http//www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/ http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup http//en. wikipe dia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup http//breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http//breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards Lords Cricket Ground pic pic (http//cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-history/) (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup) (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup)

Succubus Revealed Chapter 9

It wasnt until I landed in Seattle on Sunday eveing that the teeming surreal nature of my spend in Las Vegas hit me. Being thither had felt so . . . natural. I suppose part of that was just having erstwhile(a) friends the the likes of Bastien and Luis approximately. Yet Id been pleasantly surprise at how easily I got along with my newer acquaintances, like Phoebe and Matthias. Id even gr aver to like Jamie, though I never did see him after that night. Despite my confinements to honour him and contain him nigh Milton, the imp had remained elusive for the rest of my hit.And the show . . . how had that happened? I couldnt even grab a solid job here in my authorized hometown, yet hours after paseoing shoot the devisee in a strange city, Id landed what was, in many ways, my dream job. By the succession wed holy our second practice, Matthias was already talking round a superfluous part he planned on creating for me, and several of the other dancers were so disappointed a t me leaving for a month, youd commemorate wed recognisen individu aloney other for years.It had, in spite of my mis bragging(a)s, been a fantastic weekend.Reality readiness in when I walked into my condo. papistical was erupt, with however a de flirt with training Bowling practice tomorrow night to mark his passage. Natur exclusivelyy, the cats were as halcyon to see me as always. Scratching their heads in turn, I began to think close to the logistics of moving both of them with me across state lines. Id be taking them external from papistic, whom they loved, scarcely there was nothing to be d angiotensin converting enzyme for that. He couldnt list with us. As a nephilim, he was in constant danger of being hunted down by other immortals, and it was tot entirelyy Jeromes protection that allowed him to drop a seminormal life in Seattle. Roman originally wasnt release to treat place that up, and besides, Las Vegas was probably the worst place in the world for hi m to attempt to pelt out.A vase of pink-tipped white roses sit on the kitchen table, filling the air with sweetness. I opened up the card and read bands scrawled writingWelcome home. Ive been calculation the minutes. SI texted him that I was back and received an answer urge on me to come oer to terry and Andreas for dinner. After leaving a note for Roman assuring him Id be at practice, I headed out, my mind soundless spinning with to a greater extent of the consequences of moving. The condo. Id induct to sell it. Unless I inadequacyed to stock split it to Roman? netherworld would likely compensate any moving costs, hardly itd be up to me to start making the actual arrangements now for things like movers and whatnot.I was good at making plans and organizing things, besides all of my skills were bootless against the one thing I wanted to bring with me to Las Vegas the some hardening. I still had no solution for what to do with him.I was met with the usual effusion of l ove from his nieces when I arrived, just in duration for a disorganised family dinner. With the additional family members, theyd given up any pretense of eating at the kitchen table and had simply taken their opus dwelling houses and homemade pizza score to the living room. The casualties of food and furniture were ones Terry and Andrea were long since utilize to, merely Marg art couldnt focus on her dinner for fear of constantly ceremony the girls and what she sensed as imminent tomato-stained disaster.I was happy to see Andrea out with the family, which wasnt roundthing that happened since cuss often freshly. She wait oned tired but was in good spirits, and from the way the girls vied for liveu next to her, it was clear they were delighted to down her up and around alike.Seth labels you were out of town, she told me. Anywhere fun?Las Vegas, I replied. Visiting friends.Man, tell Ian. I wish I had friends in Las Vegas.I figured itd be too commercial for you, s aid Seth, deadpan.Ian swallowed a bite of his pizza it app bently wasnt a vegan day before responding. Only if you stay on the Strip and their overprice luxury hotels. If you poke around in most of the out-of-the-way places, you could find some really cool and obscure dives.It took nine-year-old Kendall to say what the rest of us were thinking. Id rather stay in luxury. Why would you want to stay in a dive, Uncle Ian?Because its nonmainstream, he told her. E veryone stays at the nice places. besides I like nice things, she argued. Dont you?Well, yes, he said, frowning. hardly thats not the point thus wherefore would you want to stay at bad places? she pressed.Youre too preteen to understand, he said.Seth chuckled. Actually, I think she understands perfectly.Andrea decided to rest in brief after that, but not before extracting a promise that soul deliver her dessert later on. After doing dishes (which was pretty docile with paper platefuls), our group dispersed into sepa rate activities. Kendall, Brandy, Margaret, and Terry started up a post of Monopoly while Kayla and the twins settled down to watch The Little Mermaid. Ian fall in them, excited for the chance to show how the movie was an example of capitalism destroying America. Seth and I curled up on a nearby loveseat, obviously to watch the movie, but instead used the time to catch up.How was it, really? he leaded me in a low voice. Ive been worried most you. Was it as bad as you feeling? none I said, leaning my head against his chest. It was truly . . . pretty good. Would you believe I welcome a job already ? resembling . . . one thats not on Hells payroll.You cant even lead off one of those here, remarked Seth.Yeah, the ironys not lost on me. Im dismissal to be a Vegas showgirl, end with sequins.Seth trailed his fingers through my hair. Thats actually kind of awesome. And hot. If you want to practice, Id be more than happy to give you some constructive criticism.I grind. Well see .There was a long pause. So . . . its real. This whole thing.Yeah, I said in a small voice. Its real. I felt him tense and sensed the worry radiate off of him. Its okay. Well figure this out. Its still a month away.I know we allow, he said. You and I have overcome crazier things than this, right?Crazier doesnt always mean harder, I pointed out. I mean, when Peter tried to moderate a retro candle sconce out of a Pringles can last month, that was pretty nutcase but it was also pretty easy to deal with once we make his fire extinguisher.You see? said Seth. This is what I love closely you. I dont even consider that crazy. I consider that ordinary life with you, Georgina. You transmit all the definitions.He pressed a kiss to my forehead. We fell tranquil and watched the movie, though I suspected Seth was paying as olive-sized attention as I was. We were both lost in our own suasions, and I didnt really snap out of it until I heard Ian coitus Morgan, I like the original fairy tale better. Its pretty option, so youve probably never heard of it.I glanced at the clock and sat up. Im going to go check on Andrea and see if she wants her dessert. Both Margaret and Terry were quick to offer to do it instead, but I waved them off, assuring them I was fine and that they should return to their game.Andrea was awake, propped up on pillows and reading a arrest when I came in with the pie. You didnt have to do that, she told me. You shouldve awaited Terry.Hes busy buying and exchange property, I told her, helping her settle the plate on her lap. I couldnt ask him to interrupt that. Besides, he does plenty.He does, she agreed, smiling wistfully. They all do. Even you. Its so strange, having others take care of me. Im too used to looking after everyone else.I settled down on a chair near her bed, respect how often it must be filled lately. Andrea always had soulfulness watching over her. Its just for a little while lasting, I said.That got me other smiling as she chewed a bite of pie. Youre very optimistic.Hey, why shouldnt I be? You look great today.Great ironically, as Ian would say. She ran a extend to through her limp blond hair. But I do determine better than I have for a while. I dont know. Its deceptive, Georgina. There are days I feel confident Ive beat every crabmeat cell in my body and others when I cant believe Im still managing to walk this earth.Andrea No, no, its true. She paused for more pie, but her eyeball took on a vast, knowing look that reminded me eerily of Carter. Ive accepted it, come to terms with the fact that theres still a good chance Ill die. No one else has. No one else will talk about it. Im okay with that. If thats what God wills for me, then so be it.I felt a knot clench in my stomach. I couldnt say much about God, but Id seen enough of Heaven and Hell to impersonate angry when I heard humans accept their helping as part of some higher purpose. Half the time, it seemed to me the divine powers were m aking up this game as they went along.Im not worried about me, Andrea continued. But I am worried about them. That serenity faded, replaced by very real human concern, a mothers fear for her children. Terrys strong. So wonderfully strong. But this is hard on him. He cant do it alone, which is why Im so sprightly Seths here. I dont know what we would have done without him. Hes the rock supporting us all right now.The anxiety inside me eased for a some moments, replaced by a spreading warmth as I panorama about Seth. Hes wonderful.Andrea set down the fork, finished, and extended her flip to me. So are you. Im glad youre part of our family, Georgina. If something happens to me Stop No, listen. I mean it. If something happens to me, Ill rest easy knowing the girls have you in their lives. Seth and Terry are great, but the girls still desire a strong woman mathematical function model. someone to help them through growing up.Im not that good of a role model, I said, not concours e her eyes. I was a creature of Hell, someone full of weakness and fear. What could I possibly have to offer such(prenominal) bright, promise-filled creatures like the Mortensen girls?You are, said Andrea adamantly, squeezing my hand. They love you and admire you so much. I know theyre in good hands.I swallowed back tears that were bounteous(a) to overwhelm me. Well, I said. Theyre in even better hands with you, since we all know youre going to get well soon.Andrea nodded, giving me an indulgent smile that I suspected shed perfected after weeks of listening to others insist she was on the verge of recovery. A yawn soon betrayed her, and I carefully took the plate away and asked if she needed anything else. She assured me she didnt.I crept back downstairs and returned the plate to the kitchen, where I found Brandy and Margaret eating pie of their own. I did a double take back toward the living room. What happened to Monopoly?Kendall bought us out, said Margaret.Man, I hate play wi th her, grumbled Brandy. No one her age should be that good.Dont knock it, said Seth, strolling in. Shes going to be supporting us all in fifteen years. He rested a hand on Brandys shoulder. Did you ask Georgina?Brandy looked at her feet. No.Ask me what?Its nothing, she said.Clearly its something, I replied, exchanging looks with Seth. Whats up?Is this the Christmas dance you were talking about before ? asked Margaret.Brandy flushed. A holiday dance. Its nothing.No way, I said. Im a macroscopic fan of dances. But isnt school out? Yeah, but this is at church. Its a formal they have every year. She was using a Its no big deal tone, but her expression betrayed how interested she was.The church part surprised me, since last I knew, the Mortensens didnt attend one. But obviously that had changed. Maybe Andreas distemper had played a role. Whatever it was, I could see faith wasnt on the line here, so much as a teenage girls unreserved desire to participate in something fun with other p eople her age. It was a normal rite of passage, one I was stakeing she didnt feel decent of, in light of everything else going on right now with her family. No wonder she was hesitant to quote it. I wondered if maybe there was a boy involved too but certainly wasnt going to ask. She looked broken enough to be having this discussion in front of her uncle and grandmother.You need to fail for a dress? I guessed. People always called me for shopping. I used to be bothered by that but then figured I should accept what Im good at. Brandy nodded, still looking embarrassed. When is it?Tuesday.Tuesday . . . I frowned, thinking of my schedule. Tomorrow, Monday, was taken up with work and bowling practice. That didnt leave a lot of time. We mogul be great it close.If you dont have time, its fine, Brandy assured me. Really.No way, I told her. We can do it Tuesday morning.Brandy looked down again. My dad can pay you back. Ill ask him how much we can spend.Forget it, said Seth, rustling he r hair. She squirmed out of his reach. delight the bill to me. You know where I live.Brandy protested this, but Seth was firm in his offer as well as his urging that Brandy not mention it to her father. But once Brandy and Seth were in the other room, Margaret caught hold of my branch and pulled me back into the kitchen before I could follow. Our interactions hadnt exactly been antagonistic (aside from our initial meeting with the baseball bat), but they hadnt always been pleasant either. I braced myself for some admonishment about dressing Brandy like a whore.Here, said Margaret, shoving some cash into my hands. I looked down and found two fifty-dollar bills. Seths not the only with income around here. He cant life funding the whole family. Is that enough for what she demand?Er, yes, I said, trying to hand it back. Id actually planned on cutting Seth out as well and carrying the bill myself. Definitely. You dont have to do this.Margarets response was to give me another bill. Get her shoes too. She closed my hand around the cash. I dont know what girls her age need when it comes to clothes, but I know you do. The money I can provide. The rest I rely on you for.That sentiment that faith in me was too much, too unbendable on the heels of the conversation Id just had with Andrea. Its not enough, I blurted out. What Im doing, compared to everyone else. Theyre all giving so much. Whats a shopping trip next to that?Margaret fixed me with a piercing gaze that bore no resemblance to the conservative, sweatshirt-wearing matron Id categorized her as. For a girl growing up too fast, whose life is crumbling around her? Everything.I hate this, I said. I hate that this is happening to them.God only gives us what we have the strength to endure, she said. Id always hated that saying, largely because it too seemed to go along with the imagination of a universe having a plan for everyone, something Id seen no evidence of. They have the strength to get through this. An d they have our strength to help them.I smiled at that. Youre a remarkable woman, Margaret. Theyre fortunate youre here. I meant it. She and I might have different philosophies about prenuptial sex, but her love for them was undiminished. I wasnt the only role model in the girls lives.She shrugged, looking both flattered and embarrassed by my praise. Like you, Im just trying to do enough without wearing out my welcome at Seths.He loves having you, I said promptly.She rolled her eyes. Im not stupid. I want to keep helping, but I know I cant stay with him forever. Hes a magnanimous man, no matter how much Id like to pretend otherwise.That made me smile even more. Dont worry. I wont tell him you said so.Nonetheless, I went home with a heavy heart that night. Seth expected to be up late and hadnt wanted me waiting around for him. We were both conscious of how little time wed had together recently, though, so he told me hed join me for tomorrow nights bowling practice. As a general r ule, he tried to avoid immortal goings-on, but I think he had a morbid fascination with the idea of bowling for Hellish honor.Thank God, said Roman, when I walked in the door. I ideal you were going to stay at Seths. Theres soup on the stove.No, thanks, I said. I already ate.Your loss, he said. Judging from the way the cats were circling him for handouts as he settled down on the couch with a bowl, I guess they agreed with him. How was it?My mind was still on the Mortensens, and for a moment, I thought thats what he meant. Then I remembered his single-minded focus and knew he was referring to Las Vegas. surprisingly good, I told him, sitting down in an armchair.His eyebrows rose. He hadnt expected that answer. Oh? fall apart me about it.I did, and he listened attentively while eating his soup. When Id finished the weekends recap, he grilled me on nearly everyone Id met there, immortal and mortal alike. In two days, I didnt have that much life history to hide but gave him what I c ould.Well, he said, isnt that lovely. He made no effort to hide his sarcasm.I sighed. You still think this was part of some greater conspiracy ?I think its terribly convenient that this seemingly terrestrial impart is fulfilling every possible wish you might have.I scoffed. away from the fact that Im being transferred in the first place. Thats hardly something I wanted.Roman straightened up, and the cats ran for his abandoned bowl. He ticked off points on his right hand. Well, lets do a tally, shall we? When I first met you, I asked what your dream job would be. What did you say? A Vegas dancer. And wow Look what conveniently falls into your lap. And who put it there? In a city full of conniving, backstabbing succubi, you were fortunate to find one as levelheaded as you, complete with the analogous sense of humor and interests. idiotic thing . . . did you even run into any other succubi that entire weekend? In a city packed with them?Roman No, no, wait. Theres more. Howd you m eet this wonder succuba anyway? Through your closest immortal friend, who just happened to have been coincidentally transferred to Las Vegas, hired on by your favorite boss of all time. Are you following this fantasy so far?But why would And, he continued, lest you grow homesick for the wacky idiosyncrasies of your friends back here, Vegas is ready to affix you with new ones. A zany drunken imp. Seth 2.0. If youd stayed longer, they probably would have unearthed an angel and a couple of vampires for you. And lets not discount the fact that youre going to Las Vegas in the first place The single easiest place for a succubus to get by.Okay, I get what youre saying. I threw up my hands in exasperation. It is perfect. Maybe too perfect. But youre missing one fundamental point. Supposing this is true, that someone has set up the most perfect scenario for me ever, a situation knowing to keep me happy, why would they do it at all when the thing that would make me the most happy is to sta y in Seattle? Why bother with this alternative? Why not leave me as I am?Romans eyes gleamed. Because thats the one thing they dont want you to have. They want you out of Seattle, Georgina. They want you out, and they dont want you to complain or look back.But why? I protested. Thats what I cant figure out.Give me something else to work with, he said. Hells not that good. Even the most picture perfect setup has to have a flaw. Was there anything, anything at all this weekend, that felt disingenuous? That smacked of a lie?I gave him a wry look. I was in Las Vegas, hanging out with servants of Hell. Everything was disingenuous.Georgina, think Anything that seemed licitly odd. Any contradiction.I started to deny it but then paused. The timeline.He leaned forward-moving even more. Yes? What about it?I thought back to my first hours in Las Vegas. Luis and Bastien both went out of their way to act as though my transfer and Bastiens had been in the works for a while like Jerome said. But once, Bastien slipped. He sounded like he hadnt been there for very long at all not nearly as long as theyd said before.Like that maybe he was suddenly pulled in on a moments notice to coincide with your transfer?I dont know, I said, not liking the thought of Bastien being part of some potential conspiracy centered around me. He corrected himself, said he misspoke.Im sure he would say that. Roman leaned back now, letting all of this sink in.Bastien wouldnt lie to me, I snapped. Hes my friend. I trust him. He cares about me.I believe you, said Roman. And I believe that he wouldnt lie to you about something that he thought might harm you. But if his higher-ups asked him to tell a white lie fudge a few days here and there dont you think he would?I nearly denied it but then had to wonder. Bastien had been in throw out of kilter off and on with our superiors, his Seattle venture last year a despairing attempt to restore status. If he were pressured enough threatened, even to tel l me hed been transferred longer than he actually had, would he? Especially if he thought it was benignant and knew of no nefarious conclude behind it?But what nefarious reason would be behind all this? I muttered, not realizing Id spoken my thoughts loudly until Roman straightened up again.Thats what we have to figure out. We have to figure out whats happened to you that wouldve gotten someones attention and that happened recently, to spur such a fast response. We know about your slacker record. And we know about Erik looking into your contract.I blinked. Milton.I pronto told Roman about Hughs information, about Miltons secret assassin status and trip to Seattle lining up with Eriks death. I also told him about briefly mentioning Milton to Jamie. Roman leaped to his feet.Jesus Christ Why didnt you tell me about this sooner? I couldve investigated Milton while you were gone. Shit. Now Im trapped here under bowling duty. Nephilim had the same travel limitations as lesser immortal s. They had to physically travel to places. No teleportation like greater immortals.Im sorry, I said. I wasnt thinking. I didnt connect it. And I didnt get a chance to ask Jamie more about Milton. He wasnt around the rest of the time I was in town.Roman was nodding along with me as he paced. Of course he wasnt. Im sure they made certain he was unavailable before he could tell you any more. And develop again why your initial conversation with him didnt go that far?I shrugged. He was drunk. He got distracted by a debate over gin with Luis.One that Luis initiated, no doubt.I I thought about it. Yeah. I guess he did. But youre not saying . . . I mean, thats idiotic. Using gin as a distraction to cover up some plot?Romans sea green eyes were gazing off in the distance, thoughtful. Its not the most ridiculous distraction Ive known a monstrosity to use. He couldve brought up bowling.Not that again.Roman snapped his attention back to me, thwarting all over his face. Georgina, how can y ou be in denial about this? How can you refuse to believe that Hell is playing some larger game here? After all youve seen and been a part of?I shot up, angry at the insinuation that had been creeping along here, that I was too oblivious to see what was going on. I know I know theyre capable of it. I know they can use performer both ingenuous and simple like gin and bowling to get what they want. Im not denying that, Roman. What I just cant grasp yet is the why. Show me that, and Ill get on board with any crazy scheme you want. I need to know why.Roman came to stand in front of me, resting his hands on my shoulders as he leaned close. That is exactly what I intend to find out. And when we do, I have a feeling well have blown the lid off of the biggest conspiracy Hells had in centuries.

My Hips My Caderas

In the excerpt, My Hips, My Caderas by Alisa Valdes, gives distinctive examples of her life story to invent a meaning for how rules of order perceives women. the States strives to fit the perception of bang because it is the single physical characteristic that makes us matter. Her anecdotes show us how the land shapes our thoughts to brainwash us. Alisa Valdes personal experiences argon a service to provide a better explanation of how we perpetrate in order to be welcomed in society. Beauty is in the eye of the culture. This is an essential quote that summarizes the moral of Valdes story.Being a biracial cleaning woman, she received perspectives from two cultures about the route she hold games. Valdes is white and Cuban. She is a girl with hips and curves. She is seen as voluptuous. White Americans and Cubans have different viewpoints on how women should look and what beauty is considered to be. Valdes consistency type isnt accepted in by all of her family because of the ty pe of the different type of society they live in. As a child it confused her as to what herself image should be. Her mothers side of the family is white Americans who believed world faithful was the key to beauty.In America, we have some(prenominal) reminders of what we should look like. Our models are size zeros. All our foods are low plump or reduced in calories producing dieting. We also promote surgery to stick more or less skinny. Hips or la caderas are seen as fat which is ugly, ugly being the antonym for beauty. On the contrary her fathers side believed that the thicker you were or the more curves that complimented ones body made you more of a woman. That notion highlighted a womans beauty. Caderas, often referred to in her explanation, scarcely translated is hips.In Latin cultures caderas are the stomach, waist, and thighs. Its all that makes a real woman. La caderas are the essence of a woman. Those who dont posses these caderas are seen as sick. Its unattractive to the eye. The different cultures that she exemplifies contradict each other. Valdes has large times in her child hood where she remembers the two cultures impacted the way she thought about herself. Being involved in her fathers culture, being voluptuous was a blessing. When Valdes was 12 she remembers the Chicanos reservation catcalls at her because she was so curators.She took those signs of beauty for granted and started to diet, taking to the American way of beauty. She also duologue about her and her friend going to dance and men lining up to dance with her and her turning them down because she said I often check out no, because I can. This leads me to infer that she felt beautiful and she knew she was collectable to her hips. If she didnt think so she wouldnt turn the men down. That culture made her appreciate herself and have positive outlooks about how she looked. In America she remembers being in a step aerobics class and women making negative statements about how she l ooks.She sometimes hear the woman in the strawman row whisper My God, would you look at those hips. Her attri stilles are looked down upon as if they are a bad thing in America. She has experienced two cultures and have a gotten a different response on her body. ego image is destructive but its what makes civilization significant. The world revolves around images that are acceptable and its the drive around the world. In the society we live in, civilization is based on appearance. Our world rotates on its axis of rotation because of it. Its deadly to walk outside without makeup on or above a certain weight.Americans have reality picture that are designed just for losing weight and to critique the appearance of our celebrities. Everyone is a target in America to bee objectified. There is no discrimination. In nerve school I was often picked on for being so skinny and I hated my body. When I got to high school I started to create weight not in my caderas but my butt. I started to love my body more because everyone else did. Girls would tell me how they would kill for my shape and I would tell them how I would love to have theirs. I wanted breast and hips like those girls but they wanted to be a stick like me, I couldnt understand.Those girls were envisioning themselves as being the females they see on the television and I was the closest thing to their dreams. Continuously taking my body for granted the undermentioned teenage girl was admiring my imperfections perfectly. I learn eventually to embrace my small-scale figure but looking at celebrities like Beyonce and other all-embracing figured women I get self conscious sometime. Its as if my body isnt good enough and I fall back into the depression of why my body cant look a certain way. It is a struggle in itself because your image is your introduction.

Answer to exercises

Why does the Hong Kong Government impose duties on very(prenominal) few types of im ports? p. 151 Discuss 12. Explain how the imposition of tariffs and quotas whitethorn restrict external shell out and rotect national industries. p. 154 12. 2 Free flip-flop benefits everybody in an economy. Do you agree? Explain. examination yourself Refer to Fig. 12. 5. Explain wherefore the supply wreathe after the imposition ofa unit tariff t is equal by the line abeg (Hint Find out the quantities supplied at municipal determines below, equal to and in a higher place (Pw + t), respectively). p. 160 12. 3 Who would gain and who would lose infra a quota? cloy in the following table with a in the appropriate cuff and account for them.Lose Reasons The importing country which imposes a quota Consumers Producers of import-competing industries The organization The exporting faces a quota Producers of exports How do clientele barriers imposed on the exports of the mainland of chinaw are also adversely affect Hong Kong? pp. 173-176 Exercises Multiple Choice Questions Free trade A. benefits all home(prenominal) help consumers and producers. B. benefits house servantated consumers of imports unless h arms home(prenominal) producers of import- competing industries. C. benefits house servant consumers of exports but harms domestic producers of exports. D. arms all domestic consumers and producers. Which of the following descriptions about trade barriers is INCORRECT? A. A tariff is a ax imposed on imports. B. A quota is a maximum limit imposed on the quantity of imports. C. An export tribute is a government grant on exports. D. Exchange control is the government control over exchange rates, i. e. the values of outside currencies in terms of domestic currency. Which of the following is an effect of a quota? A. A quota shifts the supply curve of the import product upwards. B. A quota voids both domestic consumption and domestic production.C. A quota raises the q uality of the merchandise product. D A quota raises the world toll of the imported product. 4. Refer to the following diagram. The deadweight loss brought by a tariff is represented by A. Area (E + G). B. Area (H + D+ B). c. Area (B + q. Under the soulfulness visit scheme, some(prenominal) individuals from the mainland of China travel to Hong Kong. This increases Hong Kongs (1) domestic exports of goods. (2) re-exports of goods. (3) exports of services. (4) imports of goods. A. (2) sole(prenominal) B. (3) only C. (3) and (4) only D. (2) and (3) only 8.Which of the following descriptions about Hong Kongs attempts to face challenges in foreign trade is INCORRECT? A. Introduction of the Mandatory Provident Fund to make better the welfare of workers B. Improving productivity through capital investment as well as research and development C. Relocating land-intensive and labour-intensive production processes to the mainland of China and other low- equal economies D. Participating ac tively in international organisations and conferences to drive international trade Short Questions Country A imports Good X and exports Good Y.Suppose the world scathe of Good X is lower than the domestic price of Good X in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation without trade and the situation with trade and show the gains from trade. Do all domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? (8 marks) b**. Suppose the world price of Good Y is higher(prenominal) than the domestic price of Good Y in Country A under autarky. With the help of TWO diagrams, compare the situation domestic consumers and domestic producers benefit from trade? 8 marks) With the help of a diagram, illustrate why the imposition of a quota would benefit domestic producers but harm domestic consumers and bring a deadweight loss to an economy. (8 marks) Structured Questions Trade Organization, China has to reduce its tariff on cotton. Suppose the world price f cotton remains unchanged after the tariff drop-off. a. With the help ofa diagram, illustrate how the reduction in the tariff affects the domestic price, domestic consumption, domestic production and intensiveness of imports of cotton. (7 marks) b.How does the tariff reduction affect the consumer special, producer surplus, government revenue and occur affectionate surplus? (5 marks) a. Compare the effects of an increase in domestic demand on the domestic price, domestic consumption, domestic production and people of imports if a country imposes a tariff and a quota on its imports, respectively. 12 marks) b. Would consumers prefer a tariff or a quota in the above situation? (2 marks) Answers p. 150 1. They mainly want to cut the volume of imports so as to protect their domestic industries. Moreover, imposition of duties on imported goods may raise government revenue. . The imposition of duties will raise the domestic price of imported goods, reduce the volume of imports, lower t he consumer surplus of domestic consumers, but increase the producer surplus of domestic producers. 3. Many of Hong Kongs imports do non have domestic substitutes, e. g. , water, food, raw materials. Moreover, the image of a free port facilitates Hong Kongs negotiation with its trading partners to reduce their trade barriers. On the whole, free trade brings much benefit than harm to Hong Kong. p. 151 Discuss 12. 1 afterwards tariffs are imposed, the domestic prices of imports rise.By the law of demand, people will buy fewer units of imports. After the imposition of quotas, the maximum quantities of imports allowed are smaller than the equilibrium quantities. As a result, the quantities of imports will drop. As people buy fewer units of imports, they buy more units of domestic goods as substitutes for imports. Hence, domestic industries are protected. p. 154 Discuss 12. 2 no. With free trade, domestic prices drop and domestic consumption rises. As a result, the consumer surplus i ncreases, as illustrated by Area (C + E) in Fig. 12. 3.Hence, domestic consumers of imports gain. However, domestic prices drop and domestic production falls. As a result, the producer surplus decreases, as illustrated by Area C Therefore, free trade does not benefit everybody. However, on the whole, as consumers gains are greater than producers losses, the total social surplus increases, as illustrated by Area E in Fig. 12. 3. Test Yourself 12. 1 At domestic prices below (Pw + t), since the price cannot cover the cost i. e. the world price (PW) plus tariff (t), importers are not spontaneous to supply the good.Only domestic producers with MC domestic price will supply. This dispense of the supply curve is represented by line segment ae. Since the domestic economy is a small open economy, it cannot affect the world price (PW) no matter how many units it imports. At the domestic price of (Pw + t), since the price can cover the (constant) cost, importers are willing to supply as many units as consumers desire without raising the price. Even if demand increases, the domestic price will not rise above (Pw + t). Hence, the supply curve turns crosswise at Point e (represented by line segment eg).

Religion in History

Hebraic religious beliefs differed from the beliefs of other masses in the ancient midpoint East. Of tot all(prenominal)y the ancient civilizations, it was the Hebrews who exerted perhaps the greatest influence on western hostel as well as the western intellectual tradition (Hebrew). The Hebrews graduation exercise appeared in Mesopotamia and then migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and then into Egypt and spine to Canaan. The Hebrew dear(p) deal were different. For them, there was only one divinity, Yahweh. This was a fundamental difference surrounded by the Hebrews and their neighbors in the ancient Middle East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and others did not worship Yahweh. Not debate but Revelation was the cornerstone of the Hebrew faith (Religion). Yahweh was the revolve around of Hebrew life therefore, the Hebrews would give no praise to royalty. Moses received the ten Commandments as guidelines for the Hebrews. The poor, children, and sick were all protected and ric h and poor were to be treated under the same laws. Personal property was not to the highest degree important and did not define a person for the first time.Hebrews tangle that Yahweh was fair however their neighbors felt different about their Gods. The ancient lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were run over at various times. The peoples who ruled them brought with hem their own theologys and religious practices. wherever they went, the Hebrews kept their customs and their belief (Hebrew). The Persians were settled in the theatre of operations long before the Hebrews. The Persians had two gods, Ahura Mazda, who created all the good things in the world, and Ahriman, who created all the bad things in the world.These two gods were at war all the time. Their clamber kept the world in a delicate balance. If one god gained the upper hand, then more of his influence would be felt (Middle). The Phoenicians also believed in gods that were responsible for parts of nature, such as rain down and wind. Baal, the storm god, was the second most important Phoenician god, behind El, the principal god (Middle). The Phoenicians also believed in a life later on death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their dead and wrapped them in linen the Phoenicians placed the bodies in stone coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that people could decide which god they wanted to follow. Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of good, did good deeds like keeping their word, giving to the poor, treating other people well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did bad things, like lying, cheating, being lazy, and being reedy (Middle). In the end, Ahura Mazda would enjoyment and good would win. People who supported this god would enjoy happiness after death.Those who supported Ahriman would be punished for that support. This religion, later called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced throughout the Persian Empire when black lovage the Great conquered it in 330 (Middle). With his influence, Alexander brought the religion of the Greeks. Sumerians and Hebrews had many similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both give high involve to the Gods. Gods have the most power and can bring ood fortune, good harvest, good health, and good life. On the other hand, the Gods can take all these goods back and cause death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and religious beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was clearly their monotheism. This monotheism made mathematical for a new awareness of the individual. Man had the capa urban center to choose betwixt good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism in fact, they think of the Gods as human. Eastern polytheism utilise images to represent their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The people couldnt control these forces of nature, so they worshipped them as gods.The people also believed that they wer e living on Earth only to enchant the gods. The Sumerian gods included Anu, the ruler of the gods Enki, the god of earth and Enlil, the god of the air, who apart(p) heaven and earth. Enlil it was also who gave the Sumerians their knowledge of farming (Hebrew). Each Sumerian city also had its own god. The focus of the city was the ziggurat, a large temple, which was the stem of that citys god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the only ones who knew the will of the gods, so hey were very powerful.

Piaget’s Cognitive development theory Essay

blue jean Pi historic periodt and his opening of the submits of cognitive widenment drive make signifi throw outt contributions to a wide cross-section of disciplines including educational psychological science and utilise knowledgeal psychological science. Though his accredited theory has undergone around amount of changes, the fundamental tenets argon static applic competent in insureing how humans rebel progressively from birth to adulthood. several(prenominal) idealogues give criticized Piagets theory and contract proposed alternative approaches to pardoning human instruction.Other theorists suck up espo moderate Piagets theory with a few(prenominal) modifications or additions to the original theory. Nevertheless his theory of cognitive instruction has had a tremendous impact on ripeningal psychology and lead observe to represent a valid theory in helping to understand the nature and levels of human development. The field of applied developmental psyc hology has and leave alone continue to benefit from the views put forward by Piaget. Biography of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896 to what he describe as a tumultuous family purlieu.From an early age Piaget showed signs of having superior give-and-take and acquired an interest in just about(prenominal) fields of disc oer including psychoanalytic theory, philosophy, mechanics and natural history. At the genuinely young age of ten he published a study on mollusks (malacology). Several days later, in 1917 he published a philosophical novel. His intellectual and research accomplishments thenceforth ar numerous. In 1918, at solo 21 years of age he obtained his doctoral degree in Biology from the University of Neuchatel continuing his study of mollusks in his thesis.His interest in philosophy and psychology led him to Zurich where he worked with mental patients while studying psychoanalytic theory. His interest in minor developmenta l psychology began in Paris with his work in a laboratory at a grade school. Here he worked on with Alfred Binet, who headed the laboratory, in standardizing reasoning tests for Paris sisterren. He became curious approximately the cerebration processes of children that modulated them producing either the correct or incorrect answers. Piaget published a scrap of articles discussing the research he conducted here.In 1921 Piaget was make director of studies at the Institut J. J. Rousseau in Geneva. In 1923 he married Valentine Chatenay with whom he had three children. He act his study of child psychology and later published five books on the topic. His background in Biology had a signifi tooshiet amount of run in his research (Slavin, 2000). These publications subsequently distinguished him in this field of study. His academic and administrative appointments saw him working at the University of Geneva, the Sorbonne, the Institut des Sciences de lEducation, and the representati on International de lEducation.He is in any case noted to take a shit founded and say a c ship for philosophers and psychologists called the Centre dEpistemologie Genetique. He worked along with several other researchers including Alina Szeminska, Barbel Inhelder, and Marcel Lambercier. Among the research topics that he conducted extensive studies on have been noted the notions of number, physical quantity, and space manipulation of objects and the development of perception. These argonas collaboratively contributed to his theory of cognitive development.His platform of study was both at the professional and private level. It is widely kn ingest that he conducted detailed observations of his three children Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent doneout their sister and language development years. His wife, herself a psychologist, also worked along with him during his observations, recording the behaviors of their children (Fischer & Hencke, 1996). Piagets contributions to the fiel d of developmental psychological argon indeed consider equal and have been widely acknowledged.He was awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1969 by the American Psychological Association for his contributions. At his death in Geneva on September 16, 1980, Piaget had written and published more than than 40 books and over 100 articles or chapters dealing with the topic of child psychology. His soonest works include The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1936/1952), The Construction of Reality in the Child (1937/1954) and Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood (1945/1951) (Fischer & Hencke, 1996).To date his research is believed to have made the single most important contribution to developmental psychology (Slavin, 2000 Beilin, 1992) and to a large extent the field of cognitive development psychology was founded primarily on his work (Goswami, 2001, p. 259). Piagets theory of cognitive development Piaget sought to describe how development occurs from the mo ment of birth unto adulthood and the cognitive changes that occur as physical development takes place. Using his background in Biology and his knowledge of the way organisms behave relative to their surround, Piaget sought to explain how children think along these lines.Piagets couch that children pass water knowledge found on these processes was in antithesis to behaviorist orientation which adviseed that behavior was molded merely by external milieual forces. Piagets theory was more constructivist in nature proposing that distributively child is actively involved in constructing his own reality. Construction of knowledge, Piaget argued, was facilitated via the inter natural process of the processes of adaptation, accommodation, enculturation and equilibration.Piaget commenced by proposing that children be born with a natural inclination to interact with and a motivating to understand their environment (Slavin, 2000). From the earliest detail children develop mental patt erns that guide their behavior, what Piaget calls schemes. Schemes are used to find out about and act in the world (Slavin, 2000, p. 30). The tendency of intellectual development, according to Piaget, was towards adaptation where existing schemes are layed in solution to modifications in the environment.As new situations arise children either combine new objects or planets into existing schemes through assimilation or they adjust existing schemes when new objects and events do not fit into those existing schemes in the process of accommodation. When unfamiliar situations arise a state of disequilibrium ensues and the processes of accommodation and assimilation facilitate the return to equilibrium where balance is restored between existing reason equalness and new experiences the process of equilibration (Slavin, 2000). The dimensions of the theoryPiaget believed that children good-byeed through quartet different symbolizes of development that are defined by different chara cteristic features from birth to adulthood. Piaget proposed that for each one child moves progressively through each of the branchs of cognitive development as they mature physically. The 4 distinct confronts of cognitive development that Piaget has specified are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. He also gives an theme as to the age at which each child will enter either stage.Wakefield (1996) points out, though, that the age range for each stage is only an reasonable a child may enter a specific stage earlier or later than that estimated by Piaget. However, each child, Piaget argues, moldiness pass through each of these stages of development in the specified order and no child can skip a particular stage. It essential also be noted here that his theory is necessarily universal as it examines only how all children will progress and does not intoxicatek to canvas person differences among children. The sensorimotor period r epresents a child zero (0) to both (2) years old.The main aspects of this stage Slavin (2000) summarizes as where infants claim about their milieu by using their senses and motor skills. Piaget believes that each child is born with some built in mechanisms and tendencies and these he labels as reflexes. Because a newborn child has not yet develop a concept of his environment, his initial response to this environment up to one month old is instinctive. These reflexes, however, soon become the basis through which the child acquires new perspectives and behaviors (schemes) in an set about to learn about and understand his environment.From birth to one month children begin to pee-pee schemes as they commence the processing of interacting with and understanding their environment. Initially displaying behaviors by simple-minded reflex children soon begin to modify these reflexes. From one to four months children attempt to reproduce recurring themes in their schemas. Children late r begin to establish insistent patterns in behavior and to associate different behaviors with different schemes. Examples include an infant crying when hungry and laughing when happy.The period 2 to four months Fischer and silvery (1985) notes as when the child is developing the ability to intelligently adapt individual actions such(prenominal) as grasping a rattle (p. 634). Between four and eight months children are more object-oriented paying more attention to objects in their external environment, becoming more observant and less preoccupied with issues associate to themselves such as hunger and sleep. Children begin to display more coordination in their schemes.From eight to 12 months children become aware of what they want and begin to construct their own schemas in order to achieve their goals. Behaviors are now more deliberate, carried out with a particular purpose in view. From 12 to 18 months children they are exploring new possibilities with objects in their environmen t. A childs action at this stage is very experimental using trial and error to discover new schemas. From 18 to 24 months children begin to transition from this stage to the second preoperational stage.They are developing the ability to function using symbolic representations. Of course a child at the sensorimotor stage may not necessarily be able to fully understand either new thing that he perceives in his environment. Wakefield (1996) comments that, even though a child is unable to perform some amount of logical thought at this stage, there is still some attempt to understand his environment through the use of his sense perceptions and motor skills. The preoperational stage is between ages two and sevener years approximately.At this second stage children begin to be able to use symbols to represent things mentally by associating those new things with objects they are familiar with. While they are a little more developed cognitively than the earlier stage they still have a ve ry narrow view of their environment. Within this stage, from age two to four years a child is relatively egocentric believing that everyone else sees things from their perspective. They also throw some amount of animism, believing that objects have characteristics similar to living things such as the ability to move.From age four to seven children further develop their reasoning capacities even though their thought processes are not all told logical. They have difficulty, however, with the concepts of centration and conservation. Slavin (2000) explains these concepts by illustrating that in this stage a child does not understand that the amount of milk in a tall trumpery is the same when it is poured into a shallower container nor are they able to realize that an object pied a different color is still the same object.The third stage of cognitive development is the concrete operational stage which covers children aged seven to eleven. At this stage children, while experiencing di fficult idea in abstract, are able to form concepts and act upon problems. Of course they must be able to relate such operations to already familiar objects or situations in order for them to function properly. They are now able to understand and apply the principles of conservation and centration. Their reasoning is also considerably more logical and can show inter affinitys between different objects and classes of objects.They are still limited, however, in that they are unable to reason in abstract terms but need concrete circumstances and examples as guides. A child in the final formal operational stage, lasting from age eleven (11) to adulthood, is now able to reason in abstract and to conceptualize situations beyond what they can see and touch. They have now developed the capacity to perform reasoning about events, actions or objects that they cannot see or that are strictly hypothetical and they are also able to use deductive reasoning.They begin to devise plans to solve p roblems and test their hypothesis against a variety of options. Piagets stratification of cognitive development into different stages has considerable implications particularly for educational goals. Because children are able only after having moved through received stages, to manipulate certain tasks and to be effective in certain cognitive activities, learning situations must be structured so that they match the developmental stages.Education must therefore be developmentally appropriate to the abilities of the child and attempts should be made to help children, as they progress from one stage to the next, to manipulate the operations inherent at each stage. Piagets view of cognitive development has been quite formidable and influential in helping researchers understand the processes at work at different stages and ages. There have, however, been several criticisms of the model. One of the major(ip) criticisms has focused on the presumed universality of the stages that Piaget des cribes.He supposes that every child, irrespective of situational context, will go through these stages at a prescribed time and that the principles are therefore applicable to all children everywhere. Some researchers have noted, however, that the rate and stage of development is not at all universal. The ages that Piaget initially suggested as delineating each stage are therefore thought of as rough estimates and children can enter and exit each stage either earlier or later than initially prescribed.Another concern that was raised with regards to Piagets theory was that it suggested that as the child progressed through the stages that the abilities at the lower stage no longer become useful or necessary. Piaget later clarified, however, that the concrete thinking and other abilities at the lower stage are not only essential before a child is able to progress to more complex thinking but they are also persistent over time and that a child never loses the lower abilities. He suggest s that over time certain tasks become automatic, almost instinctive, but they are still essential even in the later stages of development.Further Piagets original theory had not considered the potential impact that the environment may have in impacting behavior. His initial argument much to anti-behaviorist and thus the power of environmental factors to shape behavior was almost ignored. Even though he accounted for these influences in his explanations of the process of adaptation and equilibration, he did not focus much on this aspect. Researchers have found that various social and environmental factors can have a considerable impact on a childs development.They propose that a child can enter a stage earlier and progress through that stage much quicker than others ground on the stimuli available in his environment. Similarly a childs development may be significantly retarded if adequate stimuli are not provided in the environment. A child would therefore progress through stages la ter and at a slower pace. The behaviorist position that the environment matters is therefore not make lovely invalid and their view of the potential influence of the external environment in shaping behavior has some merit. condescension this failure to fully acknowledge and explain the relevance and impact of environmental factors in facilitating knowledge construction based on reality and even though the theory seems to emphasize universal stages of development, Fischer and Hencke (1996) believe that Piaget with his cognitive development theory is notably still the most influential researcher and theorist on developmental that the twentieth century has seen (Fischer & Hencke, 1996, p. 09). Current research Several theorists have arisen in more recent times to expand on Piagets original theory, to propose modifications on the areas of weakness or to suggest a complete new approach to understanding cognitive development. Among those valuable of mention are Robbie national, Kurt Fi scher, Michael Shayer and Juan Pascual-Leone. Robbie Case is a neo-Piagetian who agrees with Piagets general position that children go through developmental stages.Case also agrees with Piaget that each stage is delineated based on age and is representative of the changing shipway that children are able to mentally represent reality and how they process training in their brains. Case also supports that cognitive development occurs in four stages commencing from when a child is around one month old until the period of adulthood. Within each stage he also recognizes substages of development postulating, wish well Piaget that each successive stage is a continuation or a building on to the former (Sternberg, 1987, p. 08). Beginning in the mid-nineteen seventies Case began to propose alternative interpretations of the stage development theory. He has developed some characteristics in his new theory that are not in complete alignment with original Piagetian thought. His first area of d eparture is with relation to the way that information is processed in the brain throughout the stages.